Os 16 Dias de Ativismo Contra a Violência de Gênero são uma campanha internacional usada por ativistas ao redor do mundo (25 de novembro a 10 de dezembro) como uma estratégia de organização para pedir a eliminação de todas as formas de violência de gênero.
Este ano, compartilharemos pesquisas sobre as ligações entre normas masculinas prejudiciais e oito formas diferentes de comportamento violento, bem como insights e recomendações para eliminar todas as formas de violência.
Embora não haja nada inerente ao fato de ser homem que impulsione a violência, a maneira como socializamos os meninos em suas identidades como homens e o que esperamos deles — isto é, as normas masculinas da sociedade — estão inegavelmente ligados à violência.
De fato, meninos e homens são frequentemente criados, socializados e incentivados a usar a violência de alguma forma; em geral, homens e meninos têm uma probabilidade desproporcional de perpetrar a maioria das formas de violência e de morrer por homicídio e suicídio. No entanto, a pesquisa afirma que essa violência é prevenível, a igualdade de gênero é alcançável e normas e ideias não violentas sobre masculinidade são predominantes e poderosas.
Relatório da Equimundo e da Oak Foundation Normas Masculinas e Violência: Fazendo as Conexões, examines the links between harmful masculine norms and eight forms of violent behavior. This fourth blog in the Fazendo as conexões, 16 Dias de Ativismo series focuses on bullying. It breaks down the facts on bullying, explores its linkages to other forms of violence, and provides recommendations for action.
Bullying
Os fatos
Bullying by men and boys takes many forms. In a 2017 study, A Caixa do Homem, more than one-third of young men in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Mexico reported having perpetrated verbal, physical, and/or online bullying in the month prior to data collection.
Being a victim of bullying is a common experience for young people, and some youth are aware that identifying as LGBTQIA+ was a reason behind their being bullied. Youth who do not conform to social norms related to gender and sexuality are at the highest risk of being bullied.
Children often experience bullying differently. Boys are more likely to be recognized by others as victims of bullying. However, boys are more likely than girls to experience harmful – rather than helpful or supportive – public acknowledgment of this victimization.
Os Links
Masculinities are often at the root of men’s perpetration of bullying. In A Caixa do Homem study, young men who held the most inequitable gender attitudes (about a variety of themes, not only violence) were significantly more likely to report both perpetrating and experiencing all three forms of bullying: verbal, online, and physical.
Research suggests that bullying behaviors often share common root causes: the perpetrator’s desire to demonstrate power and control over the victim, and the use of bullying to enforce gender conformity. Many researchers conclude that gender identity and violent gender norms contribute to bullying, alongside many other interwoven factors.
Bullying can provide a pathway to achieve or maintain social status within group settings such as schools and workplaces.
As Interseções
Any thorough explanation of bullying behavior must include influences beyond dominant, or hegemonic, masculinity. Analyses of these causes identify a variety of intersecting levels of influences: the individual, family influences, peer influences, school influences, and community/cultural influences (including poverty and media influences).
Children who are exposed to contexts and relationships with extensive conflict, hostility, and abuse are more likely to perpetrate bullying, a finding similar to other forms of violence for which there is intergenerational transmission. Hostile family and educational environments have been consistently found to be risk factors for bullying.
Physical location, social context, and age intersect with and normalize boys’ and men’s perpetration of bullying. For instance, in school contexts, boys’ physical aggression is often legitimized as “boys will be boys,” whereas the same behavior by girls raises questions, and the same behavior by a middle-aged man in a work setting might be considered inappropriate.
Da Teoria à Prática
Very few bullying-prevention programs, particularly in the Global South, work to deconstruct harmful masculinities. Initiatives aiming to prevent bullying should focus on the following transformations of harmful masculine norms:
- Engage individuals of all gender identities in discussions about how traditional gender norms and gender nonconformity are connected with perpetration and experiences of bullying.
- Explain, illustrate, and discuss the direct connection between the perpetration of bullying and power, control, and social acceptance, being careful to do so in a way that invites self-awareness rather than places blame.
- Provide participants with a safe space to practice nonviolent, healthier ways to navigate peer groups and social dynamics.
- Discuss ways that participants can foster group settings and peer networks that value healthy expressions of masculinity and embrace, rather than punish, individual differences.
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